1. \ubb38\ud654\uc801 \ubc30\uacbd : 5~7\uc138\uae30\uc5d0 \uac78\uce5c \uac8c\ub974\ub9cc\uc871\uc758 \ub300\uc774\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \ub9cc\uc871(\u883b\u65cf)\ub4e4\uc758 \uce68\uc785\uacfc \uc815\ubcf5\uc740 \ubb38\ud654\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ucee4\ub2e4\ub780 \uacf5\ubc31\uae30\ub97c \uac00\uc838\uc654\ub2e4. \uc11c(\u897f) \ub85c\ub9c8\uc81c\uad6d\uc758 \uba78\ub9dd \ud6c4 \ubd81\ubc29 \ubbfc\uc871\ub4e4\uc758 \uad50\ud654\uc0ac\uc5c5\uc740 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\ub3c4 \uad50\ud68c\uc758 \uc190\uc5d0 \ub9e1\uaca8\uc84c\ub2e4. \ud2b9\ud788 \ud504\ub791\ud06c(Frank)\uc871\uc758 \uc0e4\ub97c\ub974\ub9c8\ub274(Charlemagne, 742-814) \ub300\uc81c(\u5927\u5e1d)\uc5d0 \ube44\ub86f\ub418\ub294 \uacc4\ubabd\uae30(9\uc138\uae30)\ubd80\ud130\uc774\ub2e4. \ub300\uc81c\ub294 \uc11c\ubc29\uc744 \ud1b5\uc77c\ud558\uace0 \uc11c\uae30 800\ub144\uc5d0 \ub85c\ub9c8\uc5d0\uc11c \uad50\ud669\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc81c\uc655\uc758 \uad00(\u51a0)\uc744 \ubc1b\uc558\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub294 \uadf8\uc758 \uad11\ub300\ud55c \uc81c\uad6d\uc744 \ubb38\ud654\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc7ac\uac74\ud568\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4 \uc218\ub3c4\uc790\uc640 \uc218\ub3c4\uc6d0\ub4e4\uacfc\uc758 \ud611\ub825\uc5d0 \ud798\uc785\uc740 \ubc14 \ud06c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
\uc0e4\ub97c\ub974 \ub300\uc81c\ub294 \uad50\uc218\ub4e4\uc744 \uc790\uae30 \ud310\ub3c4\ub0b4\uc758 \ud504\ub791\ud06c\uc778\ub4e4 \uc911\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5bb\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uc600\uc73c\ubbc0\ub85c \uc5ec\ub7ec \ud0c0\uc9c0\ubc29, \ud2b9\ud788 \uc774\ud0c8\ub9ac\uc544\uc640 \uc601\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \ucd08\ube59\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uad50\uc721\uae30\uad00\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c\ub294 \uc655\uc2e4\uc758 \uad81\uc911 \uc18c\uc18d\ud559\uad50(scholae palatinaes) \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc8fc\uad50\uc88c\uc18c\uc18d\ud559\uad50(shcolae episcopales) \ub4f1\uc774 \uc788\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70 \uad50\uc218\ub4e4\uc740 \ubaa8\ub450\uac00 \uc131\uc9c1\uc790\ub4e4\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud504\ub791\ud06c\uc655\uc2e4\uc758 \uad81\uc911\uc18c\uc18d\ud559\uad50\ub294 \ubb38\uacfc \uc591\uc131\uc744, \uc218\ub3c4\uc6d0\uacfc \uc8fc\uad50\uc88c\uc18c\uc18d\ud559\uad50\ub294 \uc131\uc9c1\uc790 \uc591\uc131\uc744 \ubaa9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud558\uc600\uc73c\ub098 \uc77c\ubc18\uc778\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c\ub3c4 \uad50\uc721\uc744 \uc2e4\uc2dc\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ub300\uc81c\uc758 \uad50\uc721\uc815\ucc45\uc758 \ud558\ub098\ub294 \uc0ac\ubcf8(\u5beb\u672c)\uc744 \ub9ce\uc774 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uace0 \ub3c4\uc11c\uad00\uc744 \ucda9\uc2e4\ud558\uac8c \ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
\uc0e4\ub97c\ub974\ub9c8\ub274 \ub300\uc81c \uc0ac\ud6c4 \uc81c\uad6d\uc740 \ub2e4\uc2dc \ubd84\ud560\ub418\uc5b4 \uc57d\ud654\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\ub098, \uc2a4\ucf5c\ub77c\ucca0\ud559\uc774 \uc8fc\ub958\uac00 \ub41c \uc911\uc138\ucca0\ud559(\u4e2d\u4e16\u54f2\u5b78)\uc758 \ucd08\uae30\uc758 \ud070 \ub17c\uc81c\ub294 \ubcf4\ud3b8(\u666e\u904d)\uac1c\ub150\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud559\uc81c\ub294 7\uc778\ubb38\ud559\uacfc(septem artes liberales) \uc81c\ub3c4\uc600\ub2e4. \uc774 7\uc778\ubb38\ud559\uacfc\ub294 \ub450 \ubd80\ubd84\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\ub258\uc5b4, \ubb38\ubc95(grammatica), \uc218\uc0ac\ud559(rethorica), \ubcc0\uc99d\ub17c\ub9ac\ud559(dialectica)\uc758 3\uacfc(trivium)\uc640 \uc0b0\uc220(mathematica), \uae30\ud558(geometria), \ucc9c\ubb38\ud559(astronomia), \uc74c\uc545(musica)\uc758 4\uacfc(quadrivium)\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc790\uc5f0\uacfc\ud559(scienticae naturales)\uc740 \uc758\ud559\uacfc \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc600\uc73c\uba70, \ub2e4\uc74c\uc5d0 \ucca0\ud559(philosophia)\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ucca0\ud559\uc740 \ubcf8\ub798 \uc778\ubb38\ud559(\u4eba\u6587\u5b78)\uc5d0 \uc18d\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uba70 12\uc138\uae30\uc5d0 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc801 \ud559\ubb38\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0ac\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub2e4\uc74c\uc5d4 \uc2e0\ud559(theologia)\uc774\ub2e4. \uc2e0\ud559\uc740 \uacc4\uc2dc\ub97c \ubc14\ud0d5\uc73c\ub85c \ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub098 \ub9ce\uc740 \ucca0\ud559\uc801 \ubb38\uc81c\ub4e4\ub3c4 \ub17c\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc911\uc138\uc758 \uad50\uc218\ubc29\ubc95\uc740 \uc8fc\ub85c \uac15\uc758(lectio)\uc640 \ud1a0\ub860(disputatio)\uc774 \uadf8 \uae30\ubcf8 \ud615\uc2dd\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uac15\uc758\ub294 \uad50\uc218\uac00 \ud14d\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub97c \uc77d\uace0 \ud574\uc11d\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70 \uad50\ubcf8(\u654e\u672c)\uc740 \uc8fc\ub85c \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uba85\uc81c\uc9d1(\u547d\u984c\u96c6)\uc774\ub098 \ub300\uac00\uc758 \uc800\uc11c\ub4e4\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc2e0\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uadf8 \ub2f9\uc2dc \uc8fc\ub85c \ub86c\ubc14\ub974\ub3c4(Petrus Lombardus, ?~1160)\uc758 \uba85\uc81c\uc9d1\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc600\uace0, \ucca0\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ubcf4\uc5d0\uc2dc\uc624(Boetius)\ub098 \uc544\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud1a0\ud154\ub808\uc2a4\uc758 \uc800\uc11c\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ud1a0\ub860\uc740, \uad50\uc218\uc640 \ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70 \ucc2c\ubc18\uc774 \uc790\uc720\ub85c\uc6b4 \ud1a0\ub860\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
\uc774\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uc218\uc5c5\ud615\ud0dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2a4\ucf5c\ub77c\uc801 \uc800\uc791\ud615\uc2dd\uc774 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc989 \uc231\ud55c \uac15\uc758\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc218\ub9ce\uc740 \uc8fc\ud574\uc11c(\u8a3b\u89e3\u66f8)\ub4e4\uc774 \uc0dd\uaca8\ub0ac\uace0, \ub610 \uc8fc\ud574\uc11c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ucd1d\uc9d1(\u7e3d\u96c6) \ud639\uc740 \ub300\uc804(\u5927\u5168, summa)\ub4e4\ub85c \ubc1c\uc804\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8 \ub300\ud45c\uc801\uc778 \uc608\uac00 \ud1a0\ub9c8\uc2a4 \uc544\ud034\ub098\uc2a4(Tomas Aquinas)\uc758 \u226a\uc2e0\ud559 \ub300\uc804\u226b(\u795e\u5b78\u5927\u5168, Summa theologiae)\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ub807\uac8c \ud559\ubb38\uc740 \ub300\uccb4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud0d0\uad6c\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70 \ubc1c\uc804\ud558\uc5ec \uac14\ub2e4. \ud1a0\ub860\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ubb38\uc81c\uc9d1\uc774 \uc0dd\uaca8\ub0ac\ub2e4. \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \ud1a0\ub860\ubb38\uc81c\uc9d1(quaestiones disputatae)\uacfc \uc790\uc720\ubb38\uc81c\uc9d1(quaestiones quolibetales) \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0ac\ub2e4. \uc804\uc790\ub294 \uc815\uae30\uc801 \ud1a0\ub860(disputatio ordinaria)\uc774\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70 \ub300\uac1c \uc5f0 1\ud68c 14\uc77c\uac04 \uacc4\uc18d\ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \ud1a0\ub860\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc77c\uc815\ud55c \uc8fc\uc81c\ub97c \uac00\uc84c\ub294\ub370, \uc608\ucee8\ub300 \uc9c4\ub9ac\ub860(de veritate). \ub2a5\ub825\ub860(de potentia), \uc545\ub860(\u60e1\u8ad6, de malo) \ub4f1\uc774\ub2e4. \ud6c4\uc790\ub294 \uc5f0 2\ud68c\ub85c \uc131\ud0c4\uc808 \uc804\uacfc \ubd80\ud65c\uc808 \uc804\uc5d0 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c4 \ud1a0\ub860\uc9d1\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ub54c\ub294 \uc8fc\uc81c\uac00 \uc77c\uc815\uce58 \uc54a\uace0 \uc790\uc720\ub85c\uc6cc \ubb34\uc5c7\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubb38\uc81c\uc774\ub4e0(quaestiones quolibetales) \uc81c\ud55c\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7f0 \ud1a0\ub860\uc740 \ucc2c(pro) \u00b7 \ubc18(contra)\uc758 \uc5f0\uc18d\ud615\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \ubb38\uc81c\ud574\uacb0\uc744 \uc2dc\ub3c4\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8\ubc16\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc911\uc138\uc5d0\ub294 \ud55c \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \uc8fc\uc81c\ub85c \ud55c \uc18c\uc791\ud488(opuscula)\ub4e4\ub3c4 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud559\ubb38\ud0d0\uad6c\uc758 \ubc29\ubc95\uc740 \uacbd\ud5d8 \uc704\uc8fc\uc758 \uadc0\ub0a9\uc801\uc774\uae30\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \uc5f0\uc5ed\uc801\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub798\uc11c \uc774 \uc2dc\uae30\uc5d0\ub294 \uc0ac\ubcc0\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uac15\ub825\ud55c \ud615\uc774\uc0c1\ud559(\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78)\uc774 \ucca0\ud559\uc758 \uc8fc\ub958\ub97c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
2. \uc77c\ubc18\uc801 \uc131\uaca9 : \ucca0\ud559\uacfc \uc2e0\ud559\uc774 \uc544\uc9c1 \uad6c\ubcc4\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \ud63c\ud569\ub418\uc5b4 \ub17c\ub780\ub418\ub358 \uad50\ubd80\uc2dc\uae30\ucca0\ud559\uc744 \uc774\uc5b4\ubc1b\uc740 \uc2a4\ucf5c\ub77c\ucca0\ud559\uc740 \uc810\ucc28\ub85c \ud559\ubb38\uc758 \uc9c4\ubcf4\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c, \uc2e0\ud559\uacfc\uc758 \ubc00\uc811\ud55c \uad00\ub828\uc744 \ub9fa\uace0 \uc788\uae34 \ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc2e0\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd84\ub9ac\ub418\uc5b4 \ucca0\ud559 \uace0\uc720\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\uc640 \ubc29\ubc95 \ub4f1\uc744 \uac16\ucd98 \ub3c5\ub9bd\uacfc\ubaa9\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub098\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4. \uc2a4\ucf5c\ub77c\ucca0\ud559\uc774 \uc8fc\ub958\uac00 \ub41c \uc911\uc138\ucca0\ud559\uc740 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\ucca0\ud559\uc774\ub098 \uadf8 \uba85\ub9e5\uacfc \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \uc774\uc5b4\ubc1b\uc544 \uc11c\uad6c\ud654 \ub418\uc5b4\uac04\ub2e4. \uadf8\uac83\uc740 \ucc98\uc74c\uc5d0\ub294 \uc218\uac00 \uc801\uc740 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4 \ucca0\ud559\uc11c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud558\uc5ec \uc8fc\ub85c \ud50c\ub77c\ud1a4\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \uc11c\uc801\ub4e4\uacfc \uc811\ucd09\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \ucd08\uae30\uc5d0\ub294, \uc608\ucee8\ub300 \uc548\uc140\ubaa8(Anselmus)\uc5d0\uc11c\uc640 \uac19\uc774 \ud50c\ub77c\ud1a4\ucca0\ud559\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubc1b\uc740 \uc148\uc774\ub2e4. \uc54c\ubca0\ub974\ud22c\uc2a4 \ub9c8\uadf8\ub204\uc2a4(Albertus Magnus)\ub97c \uacc4\uae30\ub85c \ud558\uc5ec \ud1a0\ub9c8\uc2a4 \uc544\ud034\ub098\uc2a4\uc5d0 \uc640\uc11c\ub294 \uc544\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud1a0\ud154\ub808\uc2a4\ud559\ud30c\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ud06c\uac8c \ubc1b\uc544 \uadf8 \uc808\uc815\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7f0 \ubb38\uc81c\uc0ac\uc801(\u554f\u984c\u53f2\u7684)\uc778 \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \ud6d1\uc5b4\ubcf8\ub2e4\uba74 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc1c\ub2ec\ud55c \uc790\uc5f0(psusis)\uc758 \uadfc\uc6d0(arche)\uc744 \ucc3e\ub294 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \uc790\uc5f0\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\uac04\uc73c\ub85c \uc9c0\uc2dd\uacfc \ub9c8\uc74c(psuche)\uc744 \uac70\uccd0\uc11c, \uc774\ub370\uc544(idea)\uc640 \uc2e4\uccb4(ousia)\ub85c \uc9c4\uc804\ub418\uc5b4 \ub4dc\ub514\uc5b4\ub294 \ub204\uc2a4(nous)\uc778 \uc2e0(\u795e, theos)\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud558\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4. \uc774 ‘\uc2e0\uc758 \uc778\uc2dd’\uc744 \uaf80\ud55c \uc774\uac00 \uc2e0\ud50c\ub77c\ud1a4\uc8fc\uc758\uc790\uc778 \ud50c\ub85c\ud2f0\ub178\uc2a4(Plotinos, 204~269)\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubc1b\uc740 \uc544\uc6b0\uad6c\uc2a4\ud2f0\ub178(Augustinus, 354~430)\ub77c\uba74, \uc2a4\ucf5c\ub77c\ucca0\ud559 \uc2dc\uae30\uc5d0 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uc640\uc11c\ub294 \uadf8 \u2018\uc2e0\uc758 \uc874\uc7ac \uc99d\uba85\u2019\uc5d0 \uad00\uc2ec\uc774 \uc3e0\ub838\ub2e4\uace0 \ud558\uaca0\ub2e4. \ud50c\ub77c\ud1a4\uc8fc\uc758\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5\ud558\uc5d0 \uc774\ub97c \uc2dc\ub3c4\ud55c \uac83\uc774 \uc548\uc140\ubaa8\uc758 \uc874\uc7ac\ub860\uc801(\ud639\uc740 \ubcf8\uccb4\ub860\uc801) \uc99d\uba85\uc774\uace0, \uc544\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud1a0\ud154\ub808\uc2a4\uc758 \uc785\uc7a5\uc5d0\uc11c \ud50c\ub77c\ud1a4\uc758 \uc774\ub370\uc544\ub860\uc744 \ud3ec\uc12d\ud558\uace0 \ubaa9\uc801\ub860\uc801\uc778 \uacac\uc9c0\ub97c \uac00\ubbf8\ud558\uc5ec \uc885\ud569\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc2e0\uc758 \uc874\uc7ac\uc99d\uba85\uc744 \ud574\ub193\uc740 \uc774\uac00 \ud1a0\ub9c8\uc2a4 \uc544\ud034\ub098\uc2a4\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uaca0\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
3. \uc2dc\uae30\uc758 \uad6c\ubd84 : \uc911\uc138\ucca0\ud559\uc0ac\uc758 \uc2dc\ub300\uad6c\ubd84\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \uc2a4\ucf5c\ub77c\ucca0\ud559\uc758 \uc2dc\uae30\ub294 \ub300\uac1c 3\uae30\ub85c \ub098\ub208\ub2e4. 9\uc138\uae30\uc5d0\uc11c 12\uc138\uae30\uae4c\uc9c0\ub97c \uc2a4\ucf5c\ub77c\ucca0\ud559 \ucd08\uae30, \ub610\ub294 \uc804\uae30, 13\uc138\uae30\uc5d0\uc11c 14\uc138\uae30 \uc804\ubc18\uae4c\uc9c0\ub97c \uc2a4\ucf5c\ub77c\ucca0\ud559\uc758 \uc735\uc131\uae30(\u9686\u76db\u671f) \ud639\uc740 \uc911\uae30, 14\uc138\uae30 \ud6c4\ubc18\ubd80\ud130 15\uc138\uae30\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\ub294 \ub3d9\uc548\uc744 \uc2a4\ucf5c\ub77c\ucca0\ud559 \ud6c4\uae30 \ub610\ub294 \uc1e0\ud0dc\uae30(\u8870\u614b\u671f)\ub77c\uace0 \uce6d\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
\uc774\uc0c1 \uac01 \uc2dc\uae30\uc5d0 \ub098\ud0c0\ub09c \ucca0\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc744 \uc5f4\uac70\ud55c\ub2e4\uba74, \ucd08\uae30\uc5d0\ub294 \ud61c\uc131\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \ub098\ud0c0\ub0ac\ub2e4 \uc0ac\ub77c\uc9c4 \uc5d0\ub9ac\uc6b0\uac8c\ub098(Johannes Scotus Eriugena, 810?~880?), \uadf8\uc758 \uc8fc\uc800\ub85c\ub294 \u226a\uc790\uc5f0\uc758 \uad6c\ubd84\uc5d0 \uad00\ud558\uc5ec\u226b(De divisione naturae)\ub97c \ub4e4 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub2e4\uc74c\uc5d0 \uce94\ud130\ubca0\ub9ac\uc758 \ub300\uc8fc\uad50\uac00 \ub41c \uc548\uc140\ubaa8(1033~1109)\uc778\ub370, \uadf8\uc758 \uc8fc\uc800\ub85c\ub294 \u226a\ub3c5\uc5b4\ub85d\u226b(\u7368\u8a9e\u9304, Monologion), \u226a\ub300\uc5b4\ub85d\u226b(\u5c0d\u8a9e\u9304, Proslogion)\uc744 \ube44\ub86f\ud558\uc5ec \u226a\uc9c4\ub9ac\ub860\u226b(De veritate), \u226a\uc790\uc720\uc758\uc9c0\ub860\u226b(De libero arbitrio)\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc735\uc131\uae30\uc5d0\ub294 ‘\ubcf4\ud3b8\uc801 \ubc15\uc0ac'(Doctor universalis)\uc758 \uc874\uce6d\uc744 \ubc1b\uc740 \uc774\ub294 \uc54c\ubca0\ub974\ud22c\uc2a4 \ub9c8\ub274\uc2a4(1206~1280)\ub85c, \uadf8\uc758 \uc8fc\uc800\ub294 \u226a\ud53c\uc870\ubb3c\ub300\uc804\u226b(Summa de creaturis)\uacfc \ubbf8\uc644\uc131\uc791\uc778 \u226a\uc2e0\ud559\ub300\uc804\u226b(Summa theologiae)\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\uc5d0 \uc0ac\uc0ac(\u5e2b\u4e8b)\ud558\uc5ec \ub098\uc911\uc5d0 \u2018\ucc9c\uc0ac\uc801 \ubc15\uc0ac\u2019(Doctor angelicus)\uc758 \uce6d\ud638\ub97c \ubc1b\uc740 \ud1a0\ub9c8\uc2a4 \uc544\ud034\ub098\uc2a4(1225-1274)\uac00 \uc788\ub294\ub370 \uadf8\uc758 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc800\uc220 \uc911 \uc800\uba85\ud55c \uc8fc\uc800\ub85c\ub294 \u226a\uc774\uad50\ub3c4(\u7570\u654e\u5f92)\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub300\uc804\u226b(Summa contra gentiles)\uacfc \u226a\uc2e0\ud559\ub300\uc804\u226b(Summa theologiae)\uc758 \ub300\uc791\uc774 \uc788\uace0, \uc774\ubc16\uc5d0 \ucd08\uae30\uc5d0 \uc4f4 \uc18c\ub17c\ubb38, <\uc720(\u6709)\uc640 \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc5d0 \uad00\ud558\uc5ec>(De ente et essentia)\uc640 <\uc9c4\ub9ac\uc5d0 \uad00\ud558\uc5ec>(De veritate), <\ub2a5\ub825\uc5d0 \uad00\ud558\uc5ec>(De potentia) \ub4f1\uc740 \u226a\uc815\uae30\ud1a0\ub860 \ubb38\uc81c\uc9d1\u226b(Quaetiones disputatae)\uc73c\ub85c \uc54c\ub824\uc838 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uace0, \ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ub610 \u226a\uc790\uc720\ud1a0\ub860 \ubb38\uc81c\uc9d1\u226b(Quaetiones quodlibetales)\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \u2018\uce58\ucc9c\uc0ac\u2019(Doctor Seraphicus)\uc758 \uce6d\ud638\ub97c \ubc1b\uc740 \ubcf4\ub098\ubca4\ud22c\ub77c(S. Bonaventura, 1221-1274)\ub85c \uadf8\uc758 \uc8fc\uc800\ub85c\ub294 \u226a\uc2e0(\u795e)\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\ub294 \uc815\uc2e0\uc758 \uc5ec\uc815\uae30(\u65c5\u7a0b\u8a18)\u226b(Itinerarium mentis ad Deum)\ub97c \ub4e4 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub2e4\uc74c\uc5d4 \u2018\uc815\uce58(\u7cbe\u7dfb)\ud55c \ubc15\uc0ac\u2019(Doctor subtilis)\uc758 \uce6d\ud638\ub97c \ubc1b\uc740 \ub454\uc2a4 \uc2a4\ucf54\ud22c\uc2a4(Johannes Duns Scotus, 1266-1308)\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\uc758 \uc8fc\uc800\ub85c\ub294 \u226a\uc81c\uc77c\uc6d0\ub9ac\ub860\u226b(Tractatus de promo principio)\uc774 \uaf3d\ud78c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud6c4\uae30\uc5d0 \uc811\uc5b4\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc11c\ub294 \uc720\uba85\ub860\uc790(\u552f\u540d\u8ad6\u8005)\ub85c\uc11c \ub450\uac01\uc744 \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub0b8 \uc624\uce84(Gulielmus Ockham, \uc57d1300-1349)\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\uc758 \uc8fc\uc800\ub85c\ub294 \u226a7\uc790\uc720\ub860\uc9d1\u226b(Quolibeta septem), \u226a\ub17c\ub9ac\ud559 \ucd1d\uc9d1\u226b(Summa totius logicae)\uc744 \ub4e4 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
4. \uc8fc\uc81c\uc758 \uc9c4\uc804 : \uc911\uc138\ucca0\ud559\uc758 \uc8fc\ub958\uac00 \ub41c \uc2a4\ucf5c\ub77c\ucca0\ud559\uc5d0\uc11c \ub17c\uc758\uac00 \ub41c \uc8fc\uc694 \uc81c\ubaa9 \uc989 \uc8fc\uc81c(\u4e3b\u984c)\ub294 \uc5ed\uc2dc \ud55c\ub9c8\ub514\ub85c \u2018\uc2e0\uc559\uacfc \uc9c0\uc2dd\u2019, \u2018\uc774\uc131(\uf9e4\u6027)\uacfc \uc2e0\uc559\u2019 \ub610\ub294 \u2018\uc885\uad50\uc640 \ucca0\ud559\u2019 \ud639\uc740 \u2018\ucca0\ud559\uacfc \uc2e0\ud559\u2019\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\ub77c\uace0 \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774 \uad00\uacc4\uac00 \uc2a4\ucf5c\ub77c\ucca0\ud559 \ucd08\uae30\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc9c4\ub9ac\ub77c\ub294 \uc774\ub984\uc73c\ub85c \ud63c\uc5f0(\u6e3e\u7136)\ud55c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\uc624\ub2e4\uac00 \uc735\uc131\uae30\uc5d0 \uac00\uc11c\ub294 \uc11c\ub85c \ubd80\uac01\ub418\uba74\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc11c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc644\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uaddc\uc815\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\uac00 \ud6c4\uae30\uc5d0 \uac00\uc11c\ub294 \uc591\uc790\uac00 \uc11c\ub85c \ub300\ub9bd \ubd84\ub9ac\ub418\uc5b4 \u2018\uc774\uc911\uc758 \uc9c4\ub9ac\u2019(\u4e8c\u91cd\u771e\u7406)\ub77c\ub294 \uc124\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub098\uc624\uac8c \ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
\uc774\ub97c\ud14c\uba74 \uc5d0\ub9ac\uc6b0\uc81c\ub098\ub294 \ucca0\ud559\uc744 \uc2e0\uc559\uc758 \ubcf8\uc9c8\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc131\ucc30\ub85c \uc0dd\uac01\ud55c \uae4c\ub2ed\uc5d0, \uadf8\uc5d0\uac8c \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c\ub294 \uc2e0\ud559\ud568\uacfc \ucca0\ud559\ud568\uc774 \ubcf8\ub798 \ud558\ub098\uc774\uace0 \uac19\uc740 \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. “\ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ucc38\ub2e4\uc6b4 \uc885\uad50\ub294 \ucc38\ub2e4\uc6b4 \ucca0\ud559\uc774\uace0, \ub610\ud55c \uac70\uafb8\ub85c \ucc38\ub2e4\uc6b4 \ucca0\ud559\uc740 \ucc38\ub2e4\uc6b4 \uc885\uad50\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ud655\uc2e4\ud558\ub2e4”\uace0 \uc9c4\uc220\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc548\uc140\ubaa8\uc5d0 \uac00\uc11c\ub294 \uc2e0\uc559\uc744 \ubc14\ud0d5\uc73c\ub85c \ud558\uba74\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc774\uc131\uc774 \uc124 \uc790\ub9ac\ub97c \ub098\ub984\ub300\ub85c \uc778\uc815\ud558\uace0 \uac15\uc870\ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8\uc5d0 \uc758\ud558\uba74 “\uc0ac\ub78c\uc740 \ubbff\uae30 \uc704\ud558\uc5ec \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\uace0, \uc624\ud788\ub824 \ubc18\ub300\ub85c \uc774\ud574\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud558\uc5ec \ubbff\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.” \ub9d0\ud558\uc790\uba74 \uc774\ud574\ub294 \uc2e0\uc559\uc744 \uc804\uc81c\ub85c \ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub807\uc9c0\ub9cc \ub610 \ud55c\ud3b8\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c\ub294 \uc774\uc131\uc758 \uac1c\uc785\uc744 \ubc18\ub300\ud558\ub294 \uc790\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c\ub3c4 \ubc18\ub300\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc6b0\uc120 \ucc98\uc74c\ubd80\ud130 \uad73\uc740 \uc2e0\uc559\uc5d0 \uae30\ucd08\ub97c \ub454 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc5d0\uac8c \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c\ub294 \uc790\uae30\uc758 \ubbff\ub294 \ubc14\ub97c \ud569\ub9ac\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub824\uace0 \ub178\ub825\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ub098\uc060 \uac83\uc774 \ud558\ub098\ub3c4 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ubbc0\ub85c \uc9c4\ub9ac\ub97c \ud0d0\uad6c\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c\ub294 \uccab\uc9f8 \uc774\uc131\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\uc11c \ub17c\uc758\ud558\uae30\uc5d0 \uc55e\uc11c \uc6b0\uc120 \uba3c\uc800 \uc2e0\uc559\ud558\ub294 \ubc14\ub97c \ubbff\ub294\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83, \ub2e4\uc74c \ub458\uc9f8\ub294 \ubbff\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub824\uace0 \ub178\ub825\ud558\ub294 \uac83, \uc774\uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub2c8 \uc2e0\uc559\uc744 \uc120\ud589\uc2dc\ud0a4\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uac83\uc740 \uc624\ub9cc\uc778 \uac83\uc774\uace0, \ubc18\ub300\ub85c \uc774\uc131\uc5d0 \ud638\uc18c\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ud0dc\ub9cc\uc778 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub2c8 \uc774 \uc5b4\ub290 \ucabd \uacb0\uc810\ub3c4 \ud53c\ud574\uc57c \ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7f0\ub370 \ud1a0\ub9c8\uc2a4 \uc544\ud034\ub098\uc2a4\uc5d0 \uac00\uba74 \ucca0\ud559\uacfc \uc2e0\ud559\uc740 \ub300\ub4f1\ud55c \uc785\uc7a5\uc5d0\uc11c \uc11c\ub85c \uc790\uae30\uc758 \uc601\uc5ed\uc744 \ucc28\uc9c0\ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub294 \uc774\uc131\uacfc \uc2e0\uc559\uc758 \uc601\uc5ed\uc744 \uc5c4\ubc00\ud788 \uad6c\ubcc4\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774\uc131\uc5d0 \uc18d\ud558\ub294 \uc601\uc5ed\uc740 \ucca0\ud559\uc774\uace0 \uc2e0\uc758 \uacc4\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc2e0\uc559\uc5d0 \uc18d\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc2e0\ud559\uc774\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ucca0\ud559\uc801\uc778 \ud0d0\uad6c\ub294 \uc774\uc131\uc5d0\ub9cc \uc758\uac70\ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774\uc131\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \ucca0\ud559\uc801 \uc9c4\ub9ac\uc640 \uc2e0\uc559\uc744 \ud1b5\ud55c \uc885\uad50\uc801 \uc9c4\ub9ac\ub3c4 \ub2e4 \uc9c4\ub9ac\uc778 \uc774\uc0c1 \uad81\uadf9\uc5d0 \uac00\uc11c\ub294 \uc591\uc790\uac00 \uc77c\uce58\ud568\uc5d0 \uc774\ub97c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc758 \uc774\uc131\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \ucd94\uad6c\ud574 \uac08 \ubc14\ub294 \uc0bc\uc704\uc77c\uccb4\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uacc4\uc2dc\uc758 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\uace0 \uc2e0\uc758 \uc874\uc7ac\uc640 \uac19\uc774 \ub17c\uc99d(\uf941\u8b49) \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uac83\ubfd0\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\uac19\uc774 \ub17c\uc99d\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc5d0 \uad00\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \ubbff\ub294\ub2e4\uae30\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub3c4 \ubc1d\ud788 \uc774\ud574\ud558\ub294 \ud3b8\uc774 \ub0ab\ub2e4\uace0 \ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7f0\ub370 \uc2dc\uc81c\uc774 \ub4dc \ube0c\ub77c\ubc29(Siger de Brabant, 1235?~1282?)\uc744 \uc120\ub450\ub85c \ud558\ub294 \ub77c\ud2f4 \uc544\ubca0\ub85c\uc5d0\uc2a4\ud30c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc544\ubca0\ub85c\uc5d0\uc2a4(Averroes, 1126~1198)\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc544\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud1a0\ud154\ub808\uc2a4\ub97c \ubc1b\uc544\ub4e4\uc774\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uace7 \uc774\uc131\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uc758\ud558\uba74, \ud55c\ud3b8\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc6b0\uc8fc\uac00 \uc601\uc6d0\ud558\uace0, \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \ubb34\uc2dc\ubb34\uc885\ud558\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ub418\uba74\uc11c \ub610 \ud55c\ud3b8\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \uc2e0\uc559\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\uc11c \uc6b0\uc8fc\ub098 \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \uc720\ud55c\ud558\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\ub3c4 \uc2b9\uc778\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ub9ac\uc758 \uc601\ud63c\uc5d0 \uad00\ud574\uc11c\ub3c4 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc778\uac04\uc5d0\uac8c \uacf5\ud1b5\ub41c \ub2e8 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \ub2a5\ub3d9\uc801(\u80fd\u52d5\u7684) \uc9c0\uc131\ub9cc\uc774 \ubd88\uc0ac\ud55c \uac83\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ub418\ub294 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0, \ub610 \ud55c\ud3b8 \uc2e0\uc559\uc5d0 \uc758\ud558\uba74 \uac1c\uc778\uc801\uc778 \uc601\ud63c\uc774 \ubd88\uba78\ud55c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\uc815\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uc640 \uac19\uc774 \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \ubb38\uc81c\uc5d0 \uad00\ud574\uc11c \uc544\uc8fc \uc0c1\ubc18\ub418\ub294 \uacac\ud574\ub97c \ub458 \ub2e4 \ud568\uaed8 \uc2b9\uc778\ud558\ub824\uace0 \ud558\ub294 \ub370\uc11c \uc774\uc911\uc758 \uc9c4\ub9ac\ub97c \uc6b4\uc704\ud558\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc2dc\uc81c\uc774 \ub4dc \ube0c\ub77c\ubc29 \uc790\uc2e0\uc744 \ub2e8\uc77c\ud558\uac8c \ud574\uc11d\ud574 \uc904 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc2e0\uc559\uc744 \ub530\ub978\ub2e4\uace0 \ud558\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n
5. \ud55c\uad6d\uc5d0\uc758 \uc804\ub798 : \uc11c\uc6b8\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uac00\ud1a8\ub9ad\ub300\ud559 \uc2e0\ud559\ubd80\uc758 \uc5f0\ud601\uc744 \ubcf4\uba74, \ucda9\ubd81 \uc81c\ucc9c \u2018\ubc30\ub860\u2019\uc5d0 \u2018\uc131\uc694\uc149 \uc2e0\ud559\uad50\u2019\ub97c \ucc3d\uc124\ud55c \uac83\uc774 1855\ub144, \uac15\uc6d0\ub3c4 \uc6d0\uc8fc\uad70 \u2018\ubc94\uace8\u2019\uc5d0 \uc2e0\ud559\uad50\ub97c \uc7ac\uac74\ud55c \uac83\uc774 1855\ub144, \uc11c\uc6b8 \uc6a9\uc0b0\uad6c \uc6d0\ud6a8\ub85c 4\uac00 1\ubc88\uc9c0\ub85c \uc774\uc804\ud558\uc5ec \u2018\uc608\uc218 \uc131\uc2ec \uc2e0\ud559\uad50\u2019\ub85c \uac1c\uce6d\ud558\uace0 \uc911\ub4f1\uacfc 3\ub144, \ucca0\ud559\uacfc 2\ub144, \uc2e0\ud559\uacfc 3\ub144\uc744 \ub454 \uac83\uc774 1887\ub144 3\uc6d4\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ud558\uc600\uc73c\ub2c8, \ucd94\uce21\ucee8\ub300 \ucca0\ud559\uacfc 2\ub144 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc911\uc138\ucca0\ud559\uacfc \uc544\uc6b8\ub7ec \uc2a4\ucf5c\ub77c\ucca0\ud559\uc774 \uac15\uc758\ub418\uc5c8\uc744 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uc0dd\uac01\ub41c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 1985\ub144 8.15 \uad11\ubcf5 \ud6c4\uc5d0\ub294 \uc11c\uc6b8\ub300\ud559\uad50 \ubb38\ub9ac\uacfc\ub300\ud559 \ucca0\ud559\uacfc\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc911\uc138\ucca0\ud559\uc758 \uac15\uc88c\uac00 \uc124\uce58\ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \uc774\uc5d0 \ucd9c\uac15\ud55c \uc131\uc9c1\uc790\ub294 \uc815\uaddc\ub9cc(\u4e01\u594e\u842c) \uc2e0\ubd80\uc640 \ud669\ubbfc\uc131(\u9ec3\u65fc\u6027) \uc2e0\ubd80\uc600\ub2e4. (\uf90a\u594e\u69ae)<\/p>\n
[\ucc38\uace0\ubb38\ud5cc] Frederick Copleston, A history of Philosophy, vol 2, 3, London 1959, 1960; Medieval Philosophy, New York 1961 \/ Cornelio Fabro, Storia della filosofia, I, Roma 1959 \/ Etienne Gilson, L’esprit de la philosophie medievale, Paris 1932(\uf9e1\u5b5d\u7965 \uc5ed, \u4e2d\u4e16\u54f2\u5b78, \uc11c\uc6b8 \u6771\u4e9e\u51fa\u7248\u793e, 1968) \/ La philosophie au moyen age, Paris 1952 \/ History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages, New York 1954 \/ C1. Baeumker, Die Christliche Philosophie des Mittelaeters, vol. 3, 1923 \/ P. Vignaux, La pensee au moyen age, vol. 1, 1948 \/ M. Grabmann, Geschichte der Scholastischen Methode, vol. 2, 1909 \/ \u912d\u7fa9\u91c7 \u00b7 \uf90a\u594e\u69ae \u5171\u8457, \u4e2d\u4e16\u54f2\u5b78\u793e, \u5fd7\u5b78\u793e, \uc11c\uc6b8 1977. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
1. \ubb38\ud654\uc801 \ubc30\uacbd : 5~7\uc138\uae30\uc5d0 \uac78\uce5c \uac8c\ub974\ub9cc\uc871\uc758 \ub300\uc774\ub3d9\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \ub9cc\uc871(\u883b\u65cf)\ub4e4\uc758 \uce68\uc785\uacfc \uc815\ubcf5\uc740 \ubb38\ud654\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ucee4\ub2e4\ub780 \uacf5\ubc31\uae30\ub97c \uac00\uc838\uc654\ub2e4. \uc11c(\u897f) \ub85c\ub9c8\uc81c\uad6d\uc758 \uba78\ub9dd \ud6c4 \ubd81\ubc29 \ubbfc\uc871\ub4e4\uc758 \uad50\ud654\uc0ac\uc5c5\uc740 \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\ub3c4 \uad50\ud68c\uc758 \uc190\uc5d0 \ub9e1\uaca8\uc84c\ub2e4. \ud2b9\ud788 \ud504\ub791\ud06c(Frank)\uc871\uc758 \uc0e4\ub97c\ub974\ub9c8\ub274(Charlemagne, 742-814) \ub300\uc81c(\u5927\u5e1d)\uc5d0 \ube44\ub86f\ub418\ub294 \uacc4\ubabd\uae30(9\uc138\uae30)\ubd80\ud130\uc774\ub2e4. \ub300\uc81c\ub294 \uc11c\ubc29\uc744 \ud1b5\uc77c\ud558\uace0 \uc11c\uae30 800\ub144\uc5d0 \ub85c\ub9c8\uc5d0\uc11c … \uacc4\uc18d \uc77d\uae30